Activity 1.1.1 History of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Can you name any of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World? Each was a feat of civil engineering and architecture. What causes structures such as these to fill us with awe even today? What is it that makes them seem more wondrous in our time of modernization? These structures have paved the way for many new advances in the design of the structures you see today.
In this activity you will learn about the history of civil engineering and architecture. You will see differences between the two professions and learn of their beginnings.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS:
1. Give an example of a modern pyramid not shown in the presentation. How does its function differ from that of the Egyptian pyramids? What do you think accounts for this difference? The Las Vegas Luxor Casino is more hollowed out than the Egyptian pyramids. This is because of the use of supports to hold up the structure if needed.
2. Give an example of a modern structure that uses an arch and dome system. Space Mountain in many Disney Parks are commonly using the arch and dome system.
3. What is the main purpose of modern roads? How is the cost of modern roadways defrayed? Modern roads are made mainly to overcome terrain obstacles and connect smaller roadways. Modern roadways use tax revenues, which defrays the cost.
In this activity you will learn about the history of civil engineering and architecture. You will see differences between the two professions and learn of their beginnings.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS:
1. Give an example of a modern pyramid not shown in the presentation. How does its function differ from that of the Egyptian pyramids? What do you think accounts for this difference? The Las Vegas Luxor Casino is more hollowed out than the Egyptian pyramids. This is because of the use of supports to hold up the structure if needed.
2. Give an example of a modern structure that uses an arch and dome system. Space Mountain in many Disney Parks are commonly using the arch and dome system.
3. What is the main purpose of modern roads? How is the cost of modern roadways defrayed? Modern roads are made mainly to overcome terrain obstacles and connect smaller roadways. Modern roadways use tax revenues, which defrays the cost.
Activity 1.1.2 Design Principles and Elements
Activity 2.1.3 Utility Shed Design
Sketching is an important skill to communicate design ideas, particularly when brainstorming. Today’s final designs for buildings and structures are almost exclusively created and stored electronically. In this way designs can be shared, updated, and improved more quickly and efficiently. The first CAD (Computer Aided Design) program developed was Sketchpad. It was developed by a graduate student at MIT in the early 1960s. His software utilized a light pen to draw on the computer monitor.
Activity 2.2.1 Concrete Pad Estimate
Concrete often accounts for a large percentage of the total cost of a project. Many times it represents 15-20% of the total cost, depending on the building materials and methods of construction chosen. If you plan to order concrete, it is essential to order the correct amount. If you order too little, problems will arise as you take measures to quickly acquire more. If you order too much, you have wasted money and resources and will have to dispose of the excess concrete. With proper planning and preparation, the pouring of concrete usually signals an exciting beginning of a construction project.
CONCLUSION
1. Describe the problems that would result from ordering too much concrete.
Ordering too much concrete will be a waste because you’ll lose money for having concrete left over that you won’t need.
2. Describe the problems that would result from ordering too little concrete.
Ordering too little concrete will result in not enough to finish the job on the pad.
3. What percentage of the total cost of the pad does the steel rebar account for?
31%
4. Why is it important to estimate the cost of construction for a building project?
To make sure that you don’t use too much or too little material.
CONCLUSION
1. Describe the problems that would result from ordering too much concrete.
Ordering too much concrete will be a waste because you’ll lose money for having concrete left over that you won’t need.
2. Describe the problems that would result from ordering too little concrete.
Ordering too little concrete will result in not enough to finish the job on the pad.
3. What percentage of the total cost of the pad does the steel rebar account for?
31%
4. Why is it important to estimate the cost of construction for a building project?
To make sure that you don’t use too much or too little material.
Activity 2.2.2 Shed Cost Estimate
Before you begin a project, you should know how much it is going to cost. You must ensure that you have enough money to finish the project. You may not even begin the project if you determine that it is too expensive. Large construction firms have employees who work exclusively on estimating project costs. Estimators work to allow companies to bid for job acquisition and predict costs and time required for completion. No job should be started without at least a general estimate. These estimates are used to plan work and resources.
CONCLUSION
1. What category costs the most to build – the walls, floor, roof, or door/windows?
The Walls
2. In what category do you find the most waste?
The Walls, where a few studs are not being used.
3. How could you lower the cost of building this structure without sacrificing quality?
Take out some of the insulation.
CONCLUSION
1. What category costs the most to build – the walls, floor, roof, or door/windows?
The Walls
2. In what category do you find the most waste?
The Walls, where a few studs are not being used.
3. How could you lower the cost of building this structure without sacrificing quality?
Take out some of the insulation.
Activity 2.2.3 Heat Loss and Gain
When the winter design temperature is below 60ºF, the International Residential Code requires a dwelling to have heating facilities capable of maintaining a minimum room temperature of 68ºF in habitable rooms. Portable space heaters cannot be used to meet this requirement. A permanent heating system must be installed.
In buildings we refer to heat flow in a number of different ways. The most common reference is the R-value, or the resistance to heat flow. The higher the R-value of a material, the more it will restrict heat loss or gain. U-factor (sometimes referred to as U-value) is a measure of the flow of heat (thermal transmittance) through a material, given a difference in temperature on either side. In the inch-pound (I-P) system, the U-factor is the number of Btus (British Thermal Units) of energy passing through a square foot of the material in an hour for every degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature across the material (Btu/ft2hr°F or BtuH). In metric, the U-factor is usually given in watts per square meter per degree Celsius (w/m2°C).
Calculations of heat loss are made to determine whether a proposed heating (or cooling system) is adequate to supply and maintain the desired temperature within a structure as specified by code. These calculations are also used to estimate the annual heating or cooling costs of a system.
CONCLUSION
1. Where does the greatest heat loss occur in this structure?
The greatest heat loss occurs in the ceiling/roof.
2. What was the most significant change made to make this structure more energy efficient? The most significant change to make this structure more energy efficient was to add glass to the door, saving 1.53 BTU.
3. What effect could using 2x6 studs in the shed construction have on energy heat loss/gain? 2x6 Studs allow a greater insulation barrier to keep a stable temperature in the house.
In buildings we refer to heat flow in a number of different ways. The most common reference is the R-value, or the resistance to heat flow. The higher the R-value of a material, the more it will restrict heat loss or gain. U-factor (sometimes referred to as U-value) is a measure of the flow of heat (thermal transmittance) through a material, given a difference in temperature on either side. In the inch-pound (I-P) system, the U-factor is the number of Btus (British Thermal Units) of energy passing through a square foot of the material in an hour for every degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature across the material (Btu/ft2hr°F or BtuH). In metric, the U-factor is usually given in watts per square meter per degree Celsius (w/m2°C).
Calculations of heat loss are made to determine whether a proposed heating (or cooling system) is adequate to supply and maintain the desired temperature within a structure as specified by code. These calculations are also used to estimate the annual heating or cooling costs of a system.
CONCLUSION
1. Where does the greatest heat loss occur in this structure?
The greatest heat loss occurs in the ceiling/roof.
2. What was the most significant change made to make this structure more energy efficient? The most significant change to make this structure more energy efficient was to add glass to the door, saving 1.53 BTU.
3. What effect could using 2x6 studs in the shed construction have on energy heat loss/gain? 2x6 Studs allow a greater insulation barrier to keep a stable temperature in the house.
Activity 2.3.2 Green Building and sustainable Design
Green building design and sustainable architecture are reshaping the practices and products of modern construction and are providing solutions that balance environmental, social, and economic benefits.
Climate change concerns and a sense of stewardship for the earth are motivating the use of green building products and sustainable techniques. Energy use in buildings is increasing and could continue to rise. By using new sustainable methods, materials, and mechanical components, architects and engineers are able to create structures that can curb that trend. A sustainable building design reduces pressure on the environment by decreasing energy use, reducing the consumption of water, and conserving and preserving natural resources as well as reducing pollution during the life cycle of a building.
In addition to incorporating sustainable features, designers should also address occupant needs and comfort when planning a building. Desirable work space and living environments allow users to be more productive and comfortable. Careful consideration must be given to natural light and interior temperatures as well as materials that emit low levels of toxins.
In this activity you will learn about green and sustainable practices in preparation for the design of your Affordable House. During the design process, continually consider incorporating sustainable features into your home design.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS
1. Describe an original green and sustainable idea that you have. Choose one that is not currently in use as far as you know.
An original green and sustainable idea that is currently not in use would be to create a system to ration the amount of energy used and limit it.
2. Describe an improvement that you believe could be made to the building where you live to make it greener. Explain why it is an improvement.
Add Solar Panels to the roof of Southeast Raleigh High School as a backup power supply.
Climate change concerns and a sense of stewardship for the earth are motivating the use of green building products and sustainable techniques. Energy use in buildings is increasing and could continue to rise. By using new sustainable methods, materials, and mechanical components, architects and engineers are able to create structures that can curb that trend. A sustainable building design reduces pressure on the environment by decreasing energy use, reducing the consumption of water, and conserving and preserving natural resources as well as reducing pollution during the life cycle of a building.
In addition to incorporating sustainable features, designers should also address occupant needs and comfort when planning a building. Desirable work space and living environments allow users to be more productive and comfortable. Careful consideration must be given to natural light and interior temperatures as well as materials that emit low levels of toxins.
In this activity you will learn about green and sustainable practices in preparation for the design of your Affordable House. During the design process, continually consider incorporating sustainable features into your home design.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS
1. Describe an original green and sustainable idea that you have. Choose one that is not currently in use as far as you know.
An original green and sustainable idea that is currently not in use would be to create a system to ration the amount of energy used and limit it.
2. Describe an improvement that you believe could be made to the building where you live to make it greener. Explain why it is an improvement.
Add Solar Panels to the roof of Southeast Raleigh High School as a backup power supply.
Activity 2.3.3 Designing for the Client
An architect or engineer does not design anything without the thoughtful input of owners and clients. In this activity you will use a process that an architect or civil engineer might employ when designing a project for a client. You will use sketches to quickly plan and discuss basic ideas about the design of a Habitat for Humanity house. During an interview you will gather information about the wishes of the client. You will incorporate and consider this information when you design the structure. The bubble diagrams and sketches that you create will be the beginning of your project documentation.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS
1. What was the most difficult thing about designing for a client?
Figuring out where to put every room in a way that will be efficient to the flow of traffic.
2. How did your design change due to code requirements?
I strengthened the foundation to ensure the safety against possible natural events and/or human activities that could be a danger.
3. How did your design change as a result of incorporating Universal Design features?
The house was originally going to have the living room be a connection to the garage, but the more efficient way was to connect it to the kitchen.
4. How can you incorporate green and sustainable design techniques in your Affordable Home design?
Take out unnecessary insulation and/or add intake for runoff.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS
1. What was the most difficult thing about designing for a client?
Figuring out where to put every room in a way that will be efficient to the flow of traffic.
2. How did your design change due to code requirements?
I strengthened the foundation to ensure the safety against possible natural events and/or human activities that could be a danger.
3. How did your design change as a result of incorporating Universal Design features?
The house was originally going to have the living room be a connection to the garage, but the more efficient way was to connect it to the kitchen.
4. How can you incorporate green and sustainable design techniques in your Affordable Home design?
Take out unnecessary insulation and/or add intake for runoff.
Activity 2.3.5 Residential Foundations
The type of foundation used in residential construction depends on the type of construction, soil characteristics, flood elevation, frost depth and local practice. In this activity you will choose an appropriate foundation type for your Affordable Housing project.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS
1. What type of foundation would you recommend for a beach front home with a flood elevation eight feet above grade? Why? Spread because the concrete will hold together the foundation stronger.
2. What type of foundation would you recommend for a home located in southern Florida? Why? Spread for the same reason as the beach front home, because it will hold together the foundation stronger in the case of a strong storm or flood.
3. How does the location of a project site impact the cost of the foundation?
The foundation and local requirements in different locations will vary in costs.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS
1. What type of foundation would you recommend for a beach front home with a flood elevation eight feet above grade? Why? Spread because the concrete will hold together the foundation stronger.
2. What type of foundation would you recommend for a home located in southern Florida? Why? Spread for the same reason as the beach front home, because it will hold together the foundation stronger in the case of a strong storm or flood.
3. How does the location of a project site impact the cost of the foundation?
The foundation and local requirements in different locations will vary in costs.
Activity 3.1.2 Land Use and Development Regulations
Most locations within the United States fall within a municipality that regulates land use within its jurisdiction. Land use regulations are designed to protect and promote the public health, safety, and general welfare. Typically they include zoning ordinances that control development by designating areas for specific types of use. These ordinances include laws that control a wide variety of development activities within each zoning area, including building construction, parking lot design, entrances and exits from property, water and sewer facilities, storm water runoff, and landscaping.
As part of local land use regulations, many municipalities have adopted the International Building Code (IBC) to regulate the design and construction of nonresidential buildings. Although some jurisdictions within a state may not use the IBC, state or local regulations will typically adopt the IBC by reference, meaning that the requirements of the IBC apply within the jurisdiction of that state or other government body.
Rules that control other aspects of development vary and are published by each municipality. It is important to identify the codes and regulations that apply to a project and become familiar with the requirements for development before beginning the design of a project.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS:
1. Why is it important to research building codes and local ordinances before beginning the design of a project?
It is important to research building codes and local ordinances before beginning the design of a project because these are your constraints for your project. Designing without knowing your constraints is risky and can cause problems with the building having issues with its structure or it not passing the local codes. This will result into a major loss of profit and extra time spent on the project.
2. Give some examples of how building codes protect people and property.
Building codes provide constraints that can prevent certain businesses from building in a certain area. They can also give requirements that all businesses have to follow in order to build in that area.
3. How do local ordinances control development?
Local ordinances can give regulations that businesses are required to abide to build in a certain area as a way to keep certain businesses out of that area.
As part of local land use regulations, many municipalities have adopted the International Building Code (IBC) to regulate the design and construction of nonresidential buildings. Although some jurisdictions within a state may not use the IBC, state or local regulations will typically adopt the IBC by reference, meaning that the requirements of the IBC apply within the jurisdiction of that state or other government body.
Rules that control other aspects of development vary and are published by each municipality. It is important to identify the codes and regulations that apply to a project and become familiar with the requirements for development before beginning the design of a project.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS:
1. Why is it important to research building codes and local ordinances before beginning the design of a project?
It is important to research building codes and local ordinances before beginning the design of a project because these are your constraints for your project. Designing without knowing your constraints is risky and can cause problems with the building having issues with its structure or it not passing the local codes. This will result into a major loss of profit and extra time spent on the project.
2. Give some examples of how building codes protect people and property.
Building codes provide constraints that can prevent certain businesses from building in a certain area. They can also give requirements that all businesses have to follow in order to build in that area.
3. How do local ordinances control development?
Local ordinances can give regulations that businesses are required to abide to build in a certain area as a way to keep certain businesses out of that area.
Activity 3.1.3 Commercial Wall Systems
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Commercial walls must typically withstand greater loads and heavier abuse than residential walls and are therefore often built with different components. In this activity you will examine the different parts that make up various commercial wall systems. As you identify the components of these walls, notice the similarities and differences in materials and sizes of the structural components.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS
1. Explain why the materials used in a residential wall system are different from a commercial system. The materials used in a commercial wall system are made for larger buildings with more industrial purposes than residential wall systems.
2. Why is concrete a popular commercial construction material?
Concrete is strong and durable for industrial purposes.
3. What factors affect the selection of the exterior façade of a commercial structure?
The purpose of the building and the people you’re trying to attract.
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS
1. Explain why the materials used in a residential wall system are different from a commercial system. The materials used in a commercial wall system are made for larger buildings with more industrial purposes than residential wall systems.
2. Why is concrete a popular commercial construction material?
Concrete is strong and durable for industrial purposes.
3. What factors affect the selection of the exterior façade of a commercial structure?
The purpose of the building and the people you’re trying to attract.
Activity 3.1.6 Commercial Floor Systems
Commercial floors must typically withstand greater loads and heavier traffic than residential floors and are therefore often built with different components. Concrete is a common floor material for commercial structures. In this activity you will research two potential elevated concrete floor systems for the Keystone Library Project and perform preliminary designs for each system. As you complete the activity, notice the similarities and differences in materials and sizes in the two floor systems.
Conclusion
1. Explain why the materials used in a residential floor system are different from a commercial system.
Commercial systems are designed to support a larger mass over a larger
area of space.
2. Describe the advantages of using precast concrete floor components.
Concrete is strong, durable, and suitable for commercial needs.
3. When comparing two different concrete flooring systems (such as precast panels and cast-in-place slabs), what factors would you consider as you choose a system for a building design? Cost, Efficiency, Durability, and Labor.
4. Describe how engineers can change the strength of a concrete floor so that it can carry a heavier load. Add steel beams and reinforcement to strengthen the concrete floor.
Conclusion
1. Explain why the materials used in a residential floor system are different from a commercial system.
Commercial systems are designed to support a larger mass over a larger
area of space.
2. Describe the advantages of using precast concrete floor components.
Concrete is strong, durable, and suitable for commercial needs.
3. When comparing two different concrete flooring systems (such as precast panels and cast-in-place slabs), what factors would you consider as you choose a system for a building design? Cost, Efficiency, Durability, and Labor.
4. Describe how engineers can change the strength of a concrete floor so that it can carry a heavier load. Add steel beams and reinforcement to strengthen the concrete floor.
Activity 3.2.2 Loads
Once an architectural program has been devised and a preliminary structural system has been chosen, the structural engineer may begin the process to design the structural elements. This requires that the engineer identify the design loads for each structural element. Once the applied design loads have been determined, the loads must be traced through the structure so that the load(s) are included in the design of each element through which the load(s) will travel.
In this activity you will determine design loads for the roof of a high school in a suburb of Chicago, Illinois (enrollment 2500) and select appropriate roof joists (beams) based on the loads transferred to the joists.
1. Why are dead load and live load considered separately? How do they affect the structure differently? Dead loads refer to loads that stay on the structure, like furniture, appliances, and machinery. Live loads constantly change, like moving people or vehicles?
2. What is the justification for requiring engineers to consider many load combinations when designing a structure rather than just one or two? Preventing disasters that would cause the structure to collapse.
3. How would the size of the roof decking and roof beams change if the spacing of the beams was increased? Why? The beams will carry a larger load, and therefore be required to larger in size.
In this activity you will determine design loads for the roof of a high school in a suburb of Chicago, Illinois (enrollment 2500) and select appropriate roof joists (beams) based on the loads transferred to the joists.
1. Why are dead load and live load considered separately? How do they affect the structure differently? Dead loads refer to loads that stay on the structure, like furniture, appliances, and machinery. Live loads constantly change, like moving people or vehicles?
2. What is the justification for requiring engineers to consider many load combinations when designing a structure rather than just one or two? Preventing disasters that would cause the structure to collapse.
3. How would the size of the roof decking and roof beams change if the spacing of the beams was increased? Why? The beams will carry a larger load, and therefore be required to larger in size.
Activity 3.2.6 Beam Design
Beam design is based on four important considerations: bending moment, shear, deflection, and cost. Once the design loads have been determined and the beam has been analyzed to determine the resulting internal shear forces and bending moments imposed, a structural engineer can select a cost-effective beam design that will provide sufficient shear and bending strength and adequate stiffness to limit deflection to acceptable limits.
Beam design methods are dictated by building codes and standards and require the inclusion of a factor of safety. Therefore, the beam design selected must possess more strength than required to resist the imposed loads.
In this activity you will design floor framing (beams and girders) for a hotel.
1. If the beam loading and beam span is different for every beam in a building, is it reasonable and practical to choose a different beam section for every installation? Why or why not? Using different size beams are cheaper, but easier to use one beam per area.
2. Aside from simply pushing the wrong keys on your calculator, what is the most likely reason for an error in calculating a required section modulus or a deflection? Incorrect Values
3. Which structural steel section would carry the largest bending moment, a W12 x 22 or a W14 x 22? Why? If subjected to the same magnitude of loading over the same span, which beam would display the largest deflection? Why? W14 x 22 because of the longer length.
Beam design methods are dictated by building codes and standards and require the inclusion of a factor of safety. Therefore, the beam design selected must possess more strength than required to resist the imposed loads.
In this activity you will design floor framing (beams and girders) for a hotel.
1. If the beam loading and beam span is different for every beam in a building, is it reasonable and practical to choose a different beam section for every installation? Why or why not? Using different size beams are cheaper, but easier to use one beam per area.
2. Aside from simply pushing the wrong keys on your calculator, what is the most likely reason for an error in calculating a required section modulus or a deflection? Incorrect Values
3. Which structural steel section would carry the largest bending moment, a W12 x 22 or a W14 x 22? Why? If subjected to the same magnitude of loading over the same span, which beam would display the largest deflection? Why? W14 x 22 because of the longer length.
Activity 3.2.8 Foundation Types
Someone once said, “It is not the beauty of a building you should look at; it is the construction of the foundation that will stand the test of time.” Although a building is architecturally beautiful and structurally sound, if the foundation cannot safely support it, the building is doomed to failure. An engineer takes many factors into consideration when designing a foundation system. The type of foundation specified for a building depends on the loading, the size and shape of the building, environmental conditions, the soil conditions, and the cost of construction. In this activity you will learn about many different types of foundations and when each is used. You will also investigate soil and environmental conditions for a site to provide information necessary to the design of a foundation.
1. How do weight and applications of loads affect the design of a structure?
Weight and applications of loads determine the size of the foundation, which can determine how much the structure can handle.
2. What factors determine whether soil is suitable to support a structure?
Size, Depth, and Drainage
3. What considerations influence the depth and height of the foundation?
How strong the soil is.
4. What are the typical modes of failure of a concrete footing?
Concrete can fail due to lack of strength or loss of durability.
1. How do weight and applications of loads affect the design of a structure?
Weight and applications of loads determine the size of the foundation, which can determine how much the structure can handle.
2. What factors determine whether soil is suitable to support a structure?
Size, Depth, and Drainage
3. What considerations influence the depth and height of the foundation?
How strong the soil is.
4. What are the typical modes of failure of a concrete footing?
Concrete can fail due to lack of strength or loss of durability.
Activity 3.3.4 Energy Codes
In this activity you will investigate the requirements of the International Energy Conservation Code and revise your Keystone Library Renovation plans to comply with the code.
CONCLUSION
1. What is the purpose of energy codes?
Energy codes and standards set minimum efficiency requirements for new and renovated buildings, assuring reductions in energy use and emissions over the life of the building.
2. How does adding a vestibule improve energy efficiency?
Vestibules are effective at trapping hot or cold air inside the room, rather than allowing it to escape outside of the building.
3. What recommendations would you make to improve the energy efficiency of the existing structure during the renovation process for the Keystone Library?
I would recommend adding a vestibule by the front entrance of the Keystone Library that could help trap heated or cooled air inside the building.
CONCLUSION
1. What is the purpose of energy codes?
Energy codes and standards set minimum efficiency requirements for new and renovated buildings, assuring reductions in energy use and emissions over the life of the building.
2. How does adding a vestibule improve energy efficiency?
Vestibules are effective at trapping hot or cold air inside the room, rather than allowing it to escape outside of the building.
3. What recommendations would you make to improve the energy efficiency of the existing structure during the renovation process for the Keystone Library?
I would recommend adding a vestibule by the front entrance of the Keystone Library that could help trap heated or cooled air inside the building.
Activity 3.4.1A Differential Leveling
How can someone determine exactly where she is on Earth? How can a property owner determine exactly where his property ends and his neighbors’ begin? How can a builder be sure that he is constructing the floor of a building above the floor plane? Land surveying refers to the science of determining the relative positions of points on the Earth’s surface.
There are many types of land surveys. A property survey establishes property lines. A topographic survey is used to gather data to prepare maps that show the location of natural and man-made features and the contours and elevations of the ground. A site survey (also called a plot survey or a lot survey) often refers to the combination of a property survey and a topographic survey for a single property. When prepared by a licensed surveyor, the survey is a legal document that is filed with the deed to the property, generally at the local courthouse.
A construction survey locates points and elevations that can be used to establish correct locations and elevations for civil engineering and architectural projects and is often called an engineering survey. For instance, a construction survey might stakeout a line and grade for a foundation, fence, or road.
A surveyor uses several types of surveying instruments to perform a survey. These instruments utilize either optical or laser technology. Some surveying activities are based on Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. GPS works very well for topographic mapping, wetland delineation, and such. Many property and construction surveys are performed using optical or laser equipment.
Optical instruments rely on line-of-sight observations to determine position. The user looks through a telescope on the instrument to spot a target or leveling rod held by an assistant.
A level is one type of optical instrument. The telescope of a level is fixed in a horizontal plane and can be used to accurately measure changes in elevations (vertical difference) and estimate horizontal distances (stadia calculations). An automatic level, or auto level, includes an internal compensator which automatically levels the instrument and is common on building sites because it is easy to set up and use.
In this activity you will use a surveying technique called differential leveling to establish the elevation of a horizontal plane of sight in order to determine the elevation of various features in your classroom.
CONCLUSION
1. Why would a plane survey be unacceptable in order to lay out a pipeline from Alaska to the continental U.S.?
The view of earth would be that of a flat surface.
2. In this activity we found the vertical position (elevation) of the points of interest. What information would be gained from a survey that provides vertical position? When would the determination of horizontal position be important in a construction project? The need would come when finding property lines.
3. Give some examples of the need for highly accurate location (vertical and/or horizontal) information during the design or construction of a civil engineering project.
Point 1 was 30 feet southwest of Point 2.
There are many types of land surveys. A property survey establishes property lines. A topographic survey is used to gather data to prepare maps that show the location of natural and man-made features and the contours and elevations of the ground. A site survey (also called a plot survey or a lot survey) often refers to the combination of a property survey and a topographic survey for a single property. When prepared by a licensed surveyor, the survey is a legal document that is filed with the deed to the property, generally at the local courthouse.
A construction survey locates points and elevations that can be used to establish correct locations and elevations for civil engineering and architectural projects and is often called an engineering survey. For instance, a construction survey might stakeout a line and grade for a foundation, fence, or road.
A surveyor uses several types of surveying instruments to perform a survey. These instruments utilize either optical or laser technology. Some surveying activities are based on Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. GPS works very well for topographic mapping, wetland delineation, and such. Many property and construction surveys are performed using optical or laser equipment.
Optical instruments rely on line-of-sight observations to determine position. The user looks through a telescope on the instrument to spot a target or leveling rod held by an assistant.
A level is one type of optical instrument. The telescope of a level is fixed in a horizontal plane and can be used to accurately measure changes in elevations (vertical difference) and estimate horizontal distances (stadia calculations). An automatic level, or auto level, includes an internal compensator which automatically levels the instrument and is common on building sites because it is easy to set up and use.
In this activity you will use a surveying technique called differential leveling to establish the elevation of a horizontal plane of sight in order to determine the elevation of various features in your classroom.
CONCLUSION
1. Why would a plane survey be unacceptable in order to lay out a pipeline from Alaska to the continental U.S.?
The view of earth would be that of a flat surface.
2. In this activity we found the vertical position (elevation) of the points of interest. What information would be gained from a survey that provides vertical position? When would the determination of horizontal position be important in a construction project? The need would come when finding property lines.
3. Give some examples of the need for highly accurate location (vertical and/or horizontal) information during the design or construction of a civil engineering project.
Point 1 was 30 feet southwest of Point 2.
Project 3.4.1B Control Survey
You already know that it is important to locate any new development accurately. In the construction phase of a project, many activities require the accurate determination of elevation – the site must be graded to provide adequate drainage, the elevation of the building must be properly set, pipes must be installed at appropriate elevations to meet existing pipe connections and allow gravity flow and to avoid frost damage, etc. Improper placement can be disastrous. How can you make sure that the new construction is built at the appropriate elevation? To provide an accurate reference point within easy access, a temporary benchmark is often set on the site. This control point must be securely placed and well documented.
In this activity you will set a new temporary benchmark by completing a level loop from an existing control point to a new temporary benchmark and establishing an accurate elevation.
In this activity you will set a new temporary benchmark by completing a level loop from an existing control point to a new temporary benchmark and establishing an accurate elevation.
Activity 3.4.3 Soils Testing
Almost any structure that we build rests on the ground. Before we can design the structure or determine a site grading plan, we must understand the soil conditions. Soil is made up of many different sizes of broken-down rock grains (sand, silt, and clay). How much water a soil will hold, how easily water passes through the soil, and what happens to the soil as it dries is dependent on the combination of these materials in your particular soil. The region’s climate and weather conditions and their affect on the soil must be considered.
Before the design of a major project such as a highway, building, bridge, or dam can begin; the ground underneath the proposed construction site must be tested to determine composition and other factors affecting its load-bearing capacity. On large projects, core samples are taken. Engineers use a drill to remove samples of earth at prescribed intervals. Sometimes core samples are taken from a depth of one hundred feet or more. The samples are then brought to the surface for study.
A geotechnical engineer, which is a type of civil engineer, collaborates with a surveyor to map grades, slopes, and any modifications that may have been made to the site. The engineers will determine appropriate locations and depths for taking soil samples. Boring locations will include areas where filling and cutting may occur during construction. In addition, engineers will develop preliminary concepts for drainage structures that may be needed to direct water away.
Not every project needs test borings. However, you must know the basic soil type before you can proceed. In this activity you will test soils to quickly determine the soil properties and, using charts, identify the type of soil. Once you know the type of soil present on a site you will be able to make some preliminary decisions regarding grading and load bearing characteristics.
Before the design of a major project such as a highway, building, bridge, or dam can begin; the ground underneath the proposed construction site must be tested to determine composition and other factors affecting its load-bearing capacity. On large projects, core samples are taken. Engineers use a drill to remove samples of earth at prescribed intervals. Sometimes core samples are taken from a depth of one hundred feet or more. The samples are then brought to the surface for study.
A geotechnical engineer, which is a type of civil engineer, collaborates with a surveyor to map grades, slopes, and any modifications that may have been made to the site. The engineers will determine appropriate locations and depths for taking soil samples. Boring locations will include areas where filling and cutting may occur during construction. In addition, engineers will develop preliminary concepts for drainage structures that may be needed to direct water away.
Not every project needs test borings. However, you must know the basic soil type before you can proceed. In this activity you will test soils to quickly determine the soil properties and, using charts, identify the type of soil. Once you know the type of soil present on a site you will be able to make some preliminary decisions regarding grading and load bearing characteristics.
Problem 4.1.1 Commercial Building Design Problem
The Commercial Building Design Unit will focus on the preliminary design of a new commercial facility on an undeveloped site. During the design process, you will research a potential development site, consider and compare several options for development of a commercial project on that site to meet all applicable building codes and regulations, and select the best development option. Based on your selection you will prepare a design portfolio and a written proposal for your recommended design. If your proposal is accepted, and if time permits, you will prepare final construction documents for your commercial design.
Activity 4.1.2 Team Building
Successful teams have members that work together to solve a common problem. Success requires cooperation, communication, trust, empowerment, risk-taking, support, problem-solving, decision-making, and leadership from the team members. In order to work as an effective team, each team member must understand their own strengths and weaknesses as well as the strengths, weaknesses, and personalities of team members. A successful team contains members who are both task-oriented and process-oriented. Task-oriented behaviors focus on accomplishing the tasks necessary to reach the team goal, such as performing research, creating computer models, and writing reports. Process-oriented behaviors encourage good team communication and cooperation and include providing support, encouragement, and acting as a mediator when conflict arises. In contrast, destructive behaviors, such as blocking progress, avoiding work, and dominating the group activities are detrimental to team dynamics and should be identified and discouraged.
Most successful teams go through a norming process, during which team members adjust their behavior and develop work habits that make working together easier and more productive. To facilitate this process, team members often collaboratively create a list of rules, values, and professional behaviors that will help the team meet its goals. These rules, values, and professional behaviors are often referred to as norms or ground rules. Every team member should agree to and adopt these norms.
In this activity your team will attempt to solve a problem. Each member will analyze his/her own contribution to the team and identify the team role(s) that were demonstrated during the activity. As a group the team will then collaboratively discuss the group’s performance and establish group norms to encourage positive group interaction and performance. Note to teacher: Read Lesson 4.1 Teacher Notes for assistance with selecting a Team Challenge.
CONCLUSION
1. Was the group successful? How do you define success?
The group was successful in making a standing structure, but when we expanded our structure, we started to see failure.
2. What role(s) did each team member play?
Josh: Designer
Ted: Builder
3. How did the group come up with its best ideas?
We recycled ideas off of the cards project.
4. What would an outside observer have seen as the strengths and weaknesses of the group? The strengths were the bottom foundation where the weaknesses were the
upper levels.
5. What lessons did you learn from this activity that could be applied to future situations?
If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.
Most successful teams go through a norming process, during which team members adjust their behavior and develop work habits that make working together easier and more productive. To facilitate this process, team members often collaboratively create a list of rules, values, and professional behaviors that will help the team meet its goals. These rules, values, and professional behaviors are often referred to as norms or ground rules. Every team member should agree to and adopt these norms.
In this activity your team will attempt to solve a problem. Each member will analyze his/her own contribution to the team and identify the team role(s) that were demonstrated during the activity. As a group the team will then collaboratively discuss the group’s performance and establish group norms to encourage positive group interaction and performance. Note to teacher: Read Lesson 4.1 Teacher Notes for assistance with selecting a Team Challenge.
CONCLUSION
1. Was the group successful? How do you define success?
The group was successful in making a standing structure, but when we expanded our structure, we started to see failure.
2. What role(s) did each team member play?
Josh: Designer
Ted: Builder
3. How did the group come up with its best ideas?
We recycled ideas off of the cards project.
4. What would an outside observer have seen as the strengths and weaknesses of the group? The strengths were the bottom foundation where the weaknesses were the
upper levels.
5. What lessons did you learn from this activity that could be applied to future situations?
If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.